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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="no-js" lang="en">
<head>
<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en" > <![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]>    <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en" >        <![endif]--><!--[if IE 8]>    <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" >               <![endif]--><!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><!--<![endif]-->
    
  <meta charset="utf-8">

    
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">

  <meta name="description" content="">

    
    
    
  <title></title>
   
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">


    
    
  <style>
{-moz-box-sizing:content-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box !important;box-sizing:content-box !important;vertical-align:middle}.hs-breadcrumb-menu{list-style-type:none;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px}.hs-breadcrumb-menu-item{float:left;padding:10px 0px 10px 10px}.hs-breadcrumb-menu-divider:before{content:'›';padding-left:10px}.hs-featured-image-link{border:0}.hs-featured-image{float:right;margin:0 0 20px 20px;max-width:50%}@media (max-width: 568px){.hs-featured-image{float:none;margin:0;width:100%;max-width:100%}}.hs-screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute !important;width:1px}
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  <style>
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725475057043 .banner-section{ position:relative; }
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725475057043 .banner-section {
    padding-top: 60px;
padding-bottom: 40px;

  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725475057043 .banner-section:before {
    position: absolute;
    content: "";
    background: rgba(0, 84, 141,);
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    z-index:1;
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  @media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725475057043 .banner-section {
      padding-top: 100px;
padding-bottom: 100px;

    }
  }
  @media(max-width:767px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725475057043 .banner-section {
      padding-top: 70px;
padding-bottom: 70px;

    }
  }
  </style>


  <style>
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .container {
  max-width:1210px;
  padding-left:20px;
  padding-right:20px;
  margin:0 auto;
  float:none;
  width:100%;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 { overflow:hidden; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_left { position:relative; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_right {
  padding:50px 0 50px 85px;
  display:flex;
  flex-direction:column;
  align-items:flex-start;
  justify-content:center;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 . .ICTC2_f21_right { padding:50px 85px 50px 0; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 . { flex-direction:row-reverse; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .bg-contained-img {
  background-size:contain;
  background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ns .ICTC2_f21 *+p { margin-top:20px; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main ul li a { color:#4ac1e0; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_right p a:hover,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_right ul li a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }

@media (max-width:1024px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_right {
    padding:30px 0 45px 30px;
    position:relative;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 . .ICTC2_f21_right {
    padding:30px 45px 30px 0;
    position:relative;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_left { min-height:revert !important; }
}

@media (max-width:767px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_right {
    padding:20px 0 20px 20px;
    position:relative;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 .ICTC2_f21_main .ICTC2_f21_left { padding-bottom:60%; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 . .ICTC2_f21_right {
    text-align:left;
    padding:20px 20px 40px 0;
    position:relative;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 .ICTC2_f21 . { flex-direction:column-reverse; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839692 . { padding-bottom:0; }
}

  </style>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="">


  <style>
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839693 .what-we-do  { position:relative; }
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839693 .what-we-do {
    padding-top: 60px;
padding-bottom: 20px;

  }

  
  
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839693 .what-we-do h2{
    color: #FFFFFF;
  }

  @media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839693 .what-we-do {
      padding-top: 80px;
padding-bottom: 80px;

    }
  }
  @media(max-width:767px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839693 .what-we-do {
      padding-top: 60px;
padding-bottom: 60px;

    }

  }
  </style>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="">


  <style>
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839698 .map-section {
    position:relative;
    z-index:1;
    padding-top: 244px;
padding-bottom: 195px;

  }

  @media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839698 .map-section {
      padding-top: 80px;
padding-bottom: 80px;

    }
  }
  @media(max-width:767px){
    #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839698 .map-section {
      padding-top: 60px;
padding-bottom: 60px;

    }

  }
  </style>


  <style>
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .container {
  max-width:1210px;
  padding-left:20px;
  padding-right:20px;
  margin:0 auto;
  float:none;
  width:100%;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 { overflow:hidden; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_main_parent {
  width:auto;
  margin-right:-100px;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_anchor {
  display:inline-block;
  margin-right:20px;
  cursor:pointer;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box {
  padding:30px;
  background-color:#01345c;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box h6 {
  color:#4ac1e0;
  font-size:16px;
  text-transform:uppercase;
  font-weight:400;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slick-current .slider_box { background-color:#4ac1e0; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slick-current .slider_box h6 {
  color:#fff;
  font-weight:400;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slick-current .slider_box h3 { color:#01345c; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box h3 { color:#fff; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box .slider_box_img {
  cursor:pointer;
  position:relative;
  height:265px;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  padding:20px;
  text-align:center;
  display:flex;
  justify-content:center;
  align-items:center;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box .slider_box_img:before {
  content:'';
  position:absolute;
  width:100%;
  height:100%;
  background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.4);
  z-index:2;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box .slider_box_img .slider_title { opacity:0.7; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box .slider_box_img .slider_title h5 {
  color:#fff;
  text-shadow:0px 5px  rgba(8,33,54,0.6);
  -webkit-text-shadow:0px 5px  rgba(8,33,54,0.6);
  -moz-text-shadow:0px 5px  rgba(8,33,54,0.6);
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . {
  left:0;
  z-index:99;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . {
  right:0;
  left:inherit;
  z-index:99;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box .slider_link {
  width:100%;
  height:100%;
  position:absolute;
  left:0;
  top:0;
  z-index:7;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box:hover,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box {
  background-color:#4ac1e0;
  transition:all ease .2s;
  -webkit-transition:all ease .2s;
  -moz-transition:all ease .2s;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box:hover h6,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box h6 {
  color:#fff;
  font-weight:400;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box:hover h3,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box h3 { color:#01345c; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .:before,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .:before { display:none; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .slider_box_f21  {
  margin-right:20px;
  letter-spacing:0;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .prev,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .next {
  width:15px;
  height:25px;
  position:relative;
  background:none;
  margin:0 15px;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .prev img,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .next img { vertical-align:top; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .prev:hover,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .next:hover { background:none; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_main2 { display:none; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .row-fluid .btn_cta3 a,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .row-fluid .btn_cta3  { background-image:url(); }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .jcfe { justify-content:flex-end; }

@media (min-width:768px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .row-fluid .header_section {
    padding-left:0;
    padding-right:0;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .row-fluid .header_section .wrapper2 {
    float:none;
    padding-left:20px;
    padding-right:20px;
    margin:0 auto;
    width:1400px;
    max-width:100%;
  }
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 { display:block; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2>div {
  min-width:1280px;
  display:flex;
  justify-content:center;
  border-top:1px solid #fff;
  background-color:#01345c;
  width:100%;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box { padding:12px 10px; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box h6 {
  font-size:10px;
  padding-bottom:0;
  line-height:1.2;
  color:#4ac1e0;
  text-transform:uppercase;
  font-weight:400;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box h3 {
  font-size:16px;
  line-height:1.2;
  color:#fff;
  margin-top:2px;
  padding-bottom:0;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box_anchor {
  cursor:pointer;
  margin-right:0;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box_anchor:hover,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 . {
  background-color:#4ac1e0;
  transition:all ease .2s;
  -webkit-transition:all ease .2s;
  -moz-transition:all ease .2s;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box_anchor:hover h6,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 . h6 { color:#fff; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 .slider_box_anchor:hover h3,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 . h3 { color:#01345c; }

@media (max-width:1200px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_box_f21 .sticky_section .slider_box { padding:10px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_box_f21 .sticky_section .slider_box h6 { font-size:10px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_box_f21 .sticky_section .slider_box h3 {
    font-size:16px;
    margin-top:2px;
  }
}

@media (max-width:767px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .prev,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .next {
    width:10px;
    height:20px;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box { padding:20px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box_img:before { display:block; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box_img {
    transform:scale(1);
    -webkit-transform:scale(1);
    -moz-transform:scale(1);
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box_img:before,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box:hover .slider_box_img:before { display:block; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 . .slider_box_img,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 .slider_box:hover .slider_box_img {
    transform:scale(1);
    -webkit-transform:scale(1);
    -moz-transform:scale(1);
  }
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 { overflow:hidden; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main>div {
  display:flex;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  padding-top:154px;
  justify-content:space-between;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .col-5 { width:45%; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_left { position:relative; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_right {
  padding:25px 0;
  display:flex;
  flex-direction:column;
  align-items:flex-start;
  justify-content:center;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 . .PSTC2_f22_right { padding:25px 0; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .>div {
  flex-direction:row-reverse;
  width:100%;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .bg-contained-img {
  background-size:contain;
  background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .PSTC2_f22 *+p { margin-top:20px; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_right p a:hover,
#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_right ul li a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_dropdown { display:none; }

#hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .row-fluid .btn_cta3  {
  letter-spacing:0;
  background-image:none;
  font-size:20px;
  font-weight:300;
  text-transform:inherit;
  line-height:1.2;
}

@media (max-width:1280px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main>div { padding-top:130px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .col-5 { width:47%; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2 { overflow-x:scroll; }
}

@media (max-width:1024px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main>div { padding-top:100px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_left { min-height:revert !important; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .col-5 { width:48%; }
}

@media (max-width:767px) {
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695  .slider_main2,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .slider_box_f21 { display:none; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_dropdown {
    display:block;
    background-color:#00335b;
    padding:30px 0;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .PSTC2_dropdown  {
    color:#fff;
    text-align:center;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .PSTC2_dropdown select,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .PSTC2_dropdown select option {
    white-space:nowrap;
    text-overflow:ellipsis;
    max-width:100%;
    -webkit-appearance:inherit !important;
    margin-top:20px;
    font-size:20px;
    background-color:transparent;
    border:1px solid #fff;
    font-weight:300;
    color:#4ac1e0;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .PSTC2_dropdown select {
    background-position:98% 15px;
    padding-right:30px;
    background-repeat:no-repeat;
    background-size:15px auto;
    background-image:url();
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .container {
    padding-left:0;
    padding-right:0;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main>div { padding-top:30px; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main:first-child { margin-top:0; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .col-5 { width:100%; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 . .PSTC2_f22_right,
  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_right {
    padding:40px 20px !important;
    position:relative;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .PSTC2_f22_main .PSTC2_f22_left { padding-bottom:60%; }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .ns .dis_flex {
    flex-direction:inherit;
    width:100%;
  }

  #hs_cos_wrapper_widget_176297839695 .PSTC2_f22 .>div { width:100%; }
}

  </style>

  <style>
  .header_sec .site_navigation,
  .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul >  > ul:after,
  .childWrapper{  background-color:rgba(37, 37, 37,1.0); }
  

  @media (min-width: 993px){
    .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul >  > ul:before,
    .childWrapper:before{ content:''; width:100%; height:100%; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; background-repeat:no-repeat; z-index:2; background-size:auto 100%; background-position:top left;  background-image:url(); }
    .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul >  > ul:after{ content:''; position:absolute; width:300vw; left:-100vw; right:-100vw; top:0; height:100%; z-index:1; }
    .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul >  > ul:before{ left: ; right: inherit; width: 100vw; }
    .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul > :nth-child(4) > ul:before{ left:; }
    .header_sec .hs-menu-wrapper > ul > :nth-child(6) > ul:before{ left:; }

  }
  
  @media (max-width: 992px){
    .header_sec .site_navigation:before{ content:''; width:100%; height:100%; position:absolute; left:0; top:-79px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:45% auto; background-position:top right;  background-image:url(); }
  }
  

  </style>
</head>
<body class="appear-animate top-strip hs-content-id-40807061795 hs-site-page page" style="">

    
<div class="header-container-wrapper">
    
<div class="header-container container-fluid">

<div class="row-fluid-wrapper row-depth-1 row-number-1">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12 widget-span widget-type-custom_widget" style="" data-widget-type="custom_widget" data-x="0" data-w="12">
<div id="hs_cos_wrapper_module_16517597077182252" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module">
<div class="header_sec" style="">
  
<div class="header_sec_inner">
    
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<h1>Protobuf repeated field example.  The order of the repeated values will be preserved.</h1>

<p><span>Protobuf repeated field example.  I want to define a map&lt;string, repeated string&gt; field, but it seems illegal on my libprotoc 3.  Learn the exact patterns to optimize your Protobuf messages for production.  See full list on protobuf.  repeated: this field type can be repeated zero or more times in a well-formed message.  public class Person { // Confusion over defining repeated fields in the .  8.  If I change type in . h This section contains reference documentation for working with protocol buffer classes in C++.  See Maps for more on this field type.  Think of repeated fields as dynamically sized arrays.  Repeated fields In microcontrollers, dynamic memory allocation might cause problems.  Protocol Buffers Version 3 (Proto3) was released in 2016.  Hence you can check the list size (because repeated field is a list) and make your business logic accordingly.  Like ordinary message types, it&rsquo;s possible for a parsed map entry message to have unknown fields: for example a field of type int64 in a map defined as map&lt;int32, string&gt;.  Repeated Elements.  Within non-collection-initializer code, consider using the equivalent AddRange(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;) method instead for clarity.  In other words, this is a list.  check the repeated field&rsquo;s _size (in other words, how many phone numbers are associated with Apr 30, 2020 · But there is an exception Exception calling application: Assignment not allowed to repeated field &quot;test&quot; in protocol message object.  However, the official tutorials on the Google protobuf website are still for Proto2.  If you had a repeated message field in this example, it would also have a mutable_ method but not a set_ method. proto syntax = &quot;proto3&quot;; message NumberList {repeated int32 numbers = 1;} Compile and Python Code: On the wire, a .  Mar 8, 2024 · Examples of using protobuf-c. proto to store person information in AdreessBook message. 0, which complains Expected &quot;&gt;&quot;.  The value_type can be any type. proto forexample to string and change in client to text = ['Scio me nihil scire'] all works. proto definition, use the `repeated` keyword for fields that need to hold multiple values. SetStockStaticProtoFields(*it, pStockStaticEntity); // sets sector and subsector field to pStockStaticEntity by reading the fields using (*it) } But the above code is right only if StockStatic was an optional field and not a repeated field. mutable_w()-&gt;Reserve(n) to pre-allocate space in advance, to avoid the usual strategy of re-allocating every time the size doubles. Protobuf. RepeatedField&lt;T&gt; generic type.  setting repeated field in protobuf using reflection.  Learn how to use packed repeated fields in Java Protobuf.  Feb 4, 2020 · Today I was having some problems populating a proto repeated message in Python with a nested message definition, and it took me a while to figure out how to do it.  repeated: the field may be repeated any number of times (including zero).  When it is used, a well-formed message must have exactly one of this field.  Here's that example again: Sep 27, 2024 · Lists in Protobuf are specified by using the repeated prefix keyword on a field.  Repeated fields also have some special methods &ndash; if you look at the methods for the repeated phones field, you&rsquo;ll see that you can.  This means that &ldquo;huge&rdquo; protos with only a few fields set are quite sparse.  This looks like this: repeated int32 ids = 1; Refresher #2: Field Options.  The message has two fields: a key and a value.  Repeated fields in Protobuf are by default of unknown length.  Their implementations thus often make use of dynamic memory allocation. proto files &ndash; including all the possible field types &ndash; in the Protocol Buffer Language Guide.  In reality it is pretty simple.  Sep 15, 2020 · How to set repeated fields in protobuf before building the message? 4.  In proto editions, repeated fields of scalar numeric types use packed encoding by default.  Mar 20, 2015 · Let's say I have a Message with a repeated field: Message Foo { repeated Bar bar = 1; } Now I want to insert n Bar objects into the field bar, each is created in a loop.  For embedded messages, the default value is always the &ldquo;default instance Each element in a repeated field requires re-encoding the tag number, so repeated fields are particularly good candidates for this optimization.  Oct 3, 2016 · Repeated fields in .  In proto3, repeated fields of scalar numeric types use packed encoding by default. proto file; message XYZ { optional int64 raw_size = 1; // Repeated messages list message Abc { // The line.  The order of the repeated values will be preserved.  Repeated Fields are Packed by Default. h and .  So I wonder if there is Protocol Buffer, also known as Protobuf, is Google's language-neutral, platform-neutral, extensible mechanism for serializing structured data. w() or a.  Learn how to work with repeated fields in Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) to efficiently manage collections of data.  A field option is some additional information that will be affecting the compilation singular: a well-formed message can have zero or one of this field (but not more than one).  For repeated fields we have for example this method for strings : GetRepeatedString(const Message &amp; message, const FieldDescriptor * field, int index) So it takes the index of the repeated field into consideration.  The order of the repeated values will be preserved in the protocol buffer.  In your . tar. .  Apr 3, 2022 · I am able to set the non repeating fields, but not sure the idea behind setting the repeated field for example the bar field here? I tried to have a quick glance at the C++ code generated to figure out but it didn't help.  Overlooking the need to use specific methods to manipulate repeated fields.  You&rsquo;ll find a complete guide to writing .  protobuf-c works by taking a .  Solutions. proto file doesn't support checking its existence via has_field_name().  The spec includes an example that demonstrates exactly how the field is represented in the descriptor: as a repeated field and a nested message.  Starting in Edition 2023, repeated fields of a primitive type (any scalar type that is not string or bytes) are &ldquo;packed&rdquo; by default.  We can create such a field by simply adding a `repeated` modifier in front of the field. Collections.  Let&rsquo;s make an example. proto file (which is defined by google's Protocol Buffers library), and generating both . dev Jun 13, 2024 · In protobuf, the repeated keyword helps define fields that can hold multiple values. gz so you don't need to cut-n So a check is used here to assure that we are using the right method.  My questions is what line of code am i missing to make it a repeated field? repeated_field.  Don&rsquo;t go looking for facilities similar to class Feb 27, 2025 · Different Protobuf types dramatically impact your binary size&mdash;sint32 encoding needs just 1 byte for negative numbers while int32 wastes 10 bytes, repeated fields can balloon with large tag numbers, and poor type choices can triple your network traffic.  For instance, you could call a.  If someone can explain the idea behind assigning to the repeated field in cases like these? Oct 18, 2015 · a.  Not properly initializing repeated fields before adding values. proto map is equivalent to a map entry message for each key/value pair, while the map itself is a repeated field of map entries.  If a field value isn&rsquo;t set, a default value is used: zero for numeric types, the empty string for strings, false for bools.  map: this is a paired key/value field type. c files for use in C programs.  Eventually I plan to make an &quot;examples&quot; directory in the .  Additionally, to achieve even higher optimization during serialization on repeated fields, a new option packed was introduced in protobuf.  Missing fields are easy to encode: we just leave out the record if it&rsquo;s not present.  When running bare metal code it is hard to catch exceptions caused by insufficient memory and other related errors.  repeated: this field can be repeated any number of times (including zero) in a well-formed message. 0.  Warning: this page is partial, incomplete and the code is untested.  The spec describes how map fields behave as if they were defined as a repeated field whose type is a map entry message.  Example: Consider below .  Use Packed Encoding for New Repeated Fields Jul 4, 2021 · Repeated Fields (Arrays or List) Repeated modifier allow us to create dynamic sized arrays or list,.  for (i=0; i &lt; n; i++){ //Add Bar into foo } //Build foo after loop Is this possible or do I need all n bar fields at the same time before building the foo Object? map&lt;key_type, value_type&gt; map_field = N;where the key_type can be any integral or string type (so, any scalar type except for floating point types and bytes). mutable_w() will return a google::protobuf::RepeatedField&lt;float&gt; which provides some additional options.  Define the Schema: // numbers.  The following example shows how to create a list: message Person { // repeated string roles = 8; } In the generated code, repeated fields are represented by the Google.  Repeated fields allow you to store a list of items, making it ideal for collections.  The official Jun 12, 2025 · This method is present to allow repeated fields to be constructed from queries within collection initializers.  Dec 19, 2024 · Example 5: Handling Repeated Fields for Lists.  A repeated field is a field that can contain 0 or more values.  Let&rsquo;s create address_book.  This tutorial covers setup, usage, and best practices with code examples. proto schema.  required: a value for the field must be provided, otherwise the message will be considered &ldquo;uninitialized&rdquo;.  Each element in a repeated field requires re-encoding the tag number, so repeated fields are particularly good candidates for this optimization.  </span></p>
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