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// Copyright 2023 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Package bisect can be used by compilers and other programs
// to serve as a target for the bisect debugging tool.
// See [golang.org/x/tools/cmd/bisect] for details about using the tool.
//
// To be a bisect target, allowing bisect to help determine which of a set of independent
// changes provokes a failure, a program needs to:
//
// 1. Define a way to accept a change pattern on its command line or in its environment.
// The most common mechanism is a command-line flag.
// The pattern can be passed to [New] to create a [Matcher], the compiled form of a pattern.
//
// 2. Assign each change a unique ID. One possibility is to use a sequence number,
// but the most common mechanism is to hash some kind of identifying information
// like the file and line number where the change might be applied.
// [Hash] hashes its arguments to compute an ID.
//
// 3. Enable each change that the pattern says should be enabled.
// The [Matcher.ShouldEnable] method answers this question for a given change ID.
//
// 4. Print a report identifying each change that the pattern says should be printed.
// The [Matcher.ShouldPrint] method answers this question for a given change ID.
// The report consists of one more lines on standard error or standard output
// that contain a “match marker”. [Marker] returns the match marker for a given ID.
// When bisect reports a change as causing the failure, it identifies the change
// by printing the report lines with the match marker removed.
//
// # Example Usage
//
// A program starts by defining how it receives the pattern. In this example, we will assume a flag.
// The next step is to compile the pattern:
//
// m, err := bisect.New(patternFlag)
// if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
// }
//
// Then, each time a potential change is considered, the program computes
// a change ID by hashing identifying information (source file and line, in this case)
// and then calls m.ShouldPrint and m.ShouldEnable to decide whether to
// print and enable the change, respectively. The two can return different values
// depending on whether bisect is trying to find a minimal set of changes to
// disable or to enable to provoke the failure.
//
// It is usually helpful to write a helper function that accepts the identifying information
// and then takes care of hashing, printing, and reporting whether the identified change
// should be enabled. For example, a helper for changes identified by a file and line number
// would be:
//
// func ShouldEnable(file string, line int) {
// h := bisect.Hash(file, line)
// if m.ShouldPrint(h) {
// fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v %s:%d\n", bisect.Marker(h), file, line)
// }
// return m.ShouldEnable(h)
// }
//
// Finally, note that New returns a nil Matcher when there is no pattern,
// meaning that the target is not running under bisect at all,
// so all changes should be enabled and none should be printed.
// In that common case, the computation of the hash can be avoided entirely
// by checking for m == nil first:
//
// func ShouldEnable(file string, line int) bool {
// if m == nil {
// return false
// }
// h := bisect.Hash(file, line)
// if m.ShouldPrint(h) {
// fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v %s:%d\n", bisect.Marker(h), file, line)
// }
// return m.ShouldEnable(h)
// }
//
// When the identifying information is expensive to format, this code can call
// [Matcher.MarkerOnly] to find out whether short report lines containing only the
// marker are permitted for a given run. (Bisect permits such lines when it is
// still exploring the space of possible changes and will not be showing the
// output to the user.) If so, the client can choose to print only the marker:
//
// func ShouldEnable(file string, line int) bool {
// if m == nil {
// return false
// }
// h := bisect.Hash(file, line)
// if m.ShouldPrint(h) {
// if m.MarkerOnly() {
// bisect.PrintMarker(os.Stderr)
// } else {
// fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v %s:%d\n", bisect.Marker(h), file, line)
// }
// }
// return m.ShouldEnable(h)
// }
//
// This specific helper – deciding whether to enable a change identified by
// file and line number and printing about the change when necessary – is
// provided by the [Matcher.FileLine] method.
//
// Another common usage is deciding whether to make a change in a function
// based on the caller's stack, to identify the specific calling contexts that the
// change breaks. The [Matcher.Stack] method takes care of obtaining the stack,
// printing it when necessary, and reporting whether to enable the change
// based on that stack.
//
// # Pattern Syntax
//
// Patterns are generated by the bisect tool and interpreted by [New].
// Users should not have to understand the patterns except when
// debugging a target's bisect support or debugging the bisect tool itself.
//
// The pattern syntax selecting a change is a sequence of bit strings
// separated by + and - operators. Each bit string denotes the set of
// changes with IDs ending in those bits, + is set addition, - is set subtraction,
// and the expression is evaluated in the usual left-to-right order.
// The special binary number “y” denotes the set of all changes,
// standing in for the empty bit string.
// In the expression, all the + operators must appear before all the - operators.
// A leading + adds to an empty set. A leading - subtracts from the set of all
// possible suffixes.
//
// For example:
//
// - “01+10” and “+01+10” both denote the set of changes
// with IDs ending with the bits 01 or 10.
//
// - “01+10-1001” denotes the set of changes with IDs
// ending with the bits 01 or 10, but excluding those ending in 1001.
//
// - “-01-1000” and “y-01-1000 both denote the set of all changes
// with IDs not ending in 01 nor 1000.
//
// - “0+1-01+001” is not a valid pattern, because all the + operators do not
// appear before all the - operators.
//
// In the syntaxes described so far, the pattern specifies the changes to
// enable and report. If a pattern is prefixed by a “!”, the meaning
// changes: the pattern specifies the changes to DISABLE and report. This
// mode of operation is needed when a program passes with all changes
// enabled but fails with no changes enabled. In this case, bisect
// searches for minimal sets of changes to disable.
// Put another way, the leading “!” inverts the result from [Matcher.ShouldEnable]
// but does not invert the result from [Matcher.ShouldPrint].
//
// As a convenience for manual debugging, “n” is an alias for “!y”,
// meaning to disable and report all changes.
//
// Finally, a leading “v” in the pattern indicates that the reports will be shown
// to the user of bisect to describe the changes involved in a failure.
// At the API level, the leading “v” causes [Matcher.Visible] to return true.
// See the next section for details.
//
// # Match Reports
//
// The target program must enable only those changed matched
// by the pattern, and it must print a match report for each such change.
// A match report consists of one or more lines of text that will be
// printed by the bisect tool to describe a change implicated in causing
// a failure. Each line in the report for a given change must contain a
// match marker with that change ID, as returned by [Marker].
// The markers are elided when displaying the lines to the user.
//
// A match marker has the form “[bisect-match 0x1234]” where
// 0x1234 is the change ID in hexadecimal.
// An alternate form is “[bisect-match 010101]”, giving the change ID in binary.
//
// When [Matcher.Visible] returns false, the match reports are only
// being processed by bisect to learn the set of enabled changes,
// not shown to the user, meaning that each report can be a match
// marker on a line by itself, eliding the usual textual description.
// When the textual description is expensive to compute,
// checking [Matcher.Visible] can help the avoid that expense
// in most runs.
package bisect
import (
"runtime"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"unsafe"
)
// New creates and returns a new Matcher implementing the given pattern.
// The pattern syntax is defined in the package doc comment.
//
// In addition to the pattern syntax syntax, New("") returns nil, nil.
// The nil *Matcher is valid for use: it returns true from ShouldEnable
// and false from ShouldPrint for all changes. Callers can avoid calling
// [Hash], [Matcher.ShouldEnable], and [Matcher.ShouldPrint] entirely
// when they recognize the nil Matcher.
func New(pattern string) (*Matcher, error) {
if pattern == "" {
return nil, nil
}
m := new(Matcher)
p := pattern
// Special case for leading 'q' so that 'qn' quietly disables, e.g. fmahash=qn to disable fma
// Any instance of 'v' disables 'q'.
if len(p) > 0 && p[0] == 'q' {
m.quiet = true
p = p[1:]
if p == "" {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
}
// Allow multiple v, so that “bisect cmd vPATTERN” can force verbose all the time.
for len(p) > 0 && p[0] == 'v' {
m.verbose = true
m.quiet = false
p = p[1:]
if p == "" {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
}
// Allow multiple !, each negating the last, so that “bisect cmd !PATTERN” works
// even when bisect chooses to add its own !.
m.enable = true
for len(p) > 0 && p[0] == '!' {
m.enable = !m.enable
p = p[1:]
if p == "" {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
}
if p == "n" {
// n is an alias for !y.
m.enable = !m.enable
p = "y"
}
// Parse actual pattern syntax.
result := true
bits := uint64(0)
start := 0
wid := 1 // 1-bit (binary); sometimes 4-bit (hex)
for i := 0; i <= len(p); i++ {
// Imagine a trailing - at the end of the pattern to flush final suffix
c := byte('-')
if i < len(p) {
c = p[i]
}
if i == start && wid == 1 && c == 'x' { // leading x for hex
start = i + 1
wid = 4
continue
}
switch c {
default:
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
case '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9':
if wid != 4 {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
fallthrough
case '0', '1':
bits <<= wid
bits |= uint64(c - '0')
case 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F':
if wid != 4 {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
bits <<= 4
bits |= uint64(c&^0x20 - 'A' + 10)
case 'y':
if i+1 < len(p) && (p[i+1] == '0' || p[i+1] == '1') {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
bits = 0
case '+', '-':
if c == '+' && result == false {
// Have already seen a -. Should be - from here on.
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax (+ after -): " + pattern}
}
if i > 0 {
n := (i - start) * wid
if n > 64 {
return nil, &parseError{"pattern bits too long: " + pattern}
}
if n <= 0 {
return nil, &parseError{"invalid pattern syntax: " + pattern}
}
if p[start] == 'y' {
n = 0
}
mask := uint64(1)<<n - 1
m.list = append(m.list, cond{mask, bits, result})
} else if c == '-' {
// leading - subtracts from complete set
m.list = append(m.list, cond{0, 0, true})
}
bits = 0
result = c == '+'
start = i + 1
wid = 1
}
}
return m, nil
}
// A Matcher is the parsed, compiled form of a PATTERN string.
// The nil *Matcher is valid: it has all changes enabled but none reported.
type Matcher struct {
verbose bool // annotate reporting with human-helpful information
quiet bool // disables all reporting. reset if verbose is true. use case is -d=fmahash=qn
enable bool // when true, list is for “enable and report” (when false, “disable and report”)
list []cond // conditions; later ones win over earlier ones
dedup atomicPointerDedup
}
// atomicPointerDedup is an atomic.Pointer[dedup],
// but we are avoiding using Go 1.19's atomic.Pointer
// until the bootstrap toolchain can be relied upon to have it.
type atomicPointerDedup struct {
p unsafe.Pointer
}
func (p *atomicPointerDedup) Load() *dedup {
return (*dedup)(atomic.LoadPointer(&p.p))
}
func (p *atomicPointerDedup) CompareAndSwap(old, new *dedup) bool {
return atomic.CompareAndSwapPointer(&p.p, unsafe.Pointer(old), unsafe.Pointer(new))
}
// A cond is a single condition in the matcher.
// Given an input id, if id&mask == bits, return the result.
type cond struct {
mask uint64
bits uint64
result bool
}
// MarkerOnly reports whether it is okay to print only the marker for
// a given change, omitting the identifying information.
// MarkerOnly returns true when bisect is using the printed reports
// only for an intermediate search step, not for showing to users.
func (m *Matcher) MarkerOnly() bool {
return !m.verbose
}
// ShouldEnable reports whether the change with the given id should be enabled.
func (m *Matcher) ShouldEnable(id uint64) bool {
if m == nil {
return true
}
return m.matchResult(id) == m.enable
}
// ShouldPrint reports whether to print identifying information about the change with the given id.
func (m *Matcher) ShouldPrint(id uint64) bool {
if m == nil || m.quiet {
return false
}
return m.matchResult(id)
}
// matchResult returns the result from the first condition that matches id.
func (m *Matcher) matchResult(id uint64) bool {
for i := len(m.list) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
c := &m.list[i]
if id&c.mask == c.bits {
return c.result
}
}
return false
}
// FileLine reports whether the change identified by file and line should be enabled.
// If the change should be printed, FileLine prints a one-line report to w.
func (m *Matcher) FileLine(w Writer, file string, line int) bool {
if m == nil {
return true
}
return m.fileLine(w, file, line)
}
// fileLine does the real work for FileLine.
// This lets FileLine's body handle m == nil and potentially be inlined.
func (m *Matcher) fileLine(w Writer, file string, line int) bool {
h := Hash(file, line)
if m.ShouldPrint(h) {
if m.MarkerOnly() {
PrintMarker(w, h)
} else {
printFileLine(w, h, file, line)
}
}
return m.ShouldEnable(h)
}
// printFileLine prints a non-marker-only report for file:line to w.
func printFileLine(w Writer, h uint64, file string, line int) error {
const markerLen = 40 // overestimate
b := make([]byte, 0, markerLen+len(file)+24)
b = AppendMarker(b, h)
b = appendFileLine(b, file, line)
b = append(b, '\n')
_, err := w.Write(b)
return err
}
// appendFileLine appends file:line to dst, returning the extended slice.
func appendFileLine(dst []byte, file string, line int) []byte {
dst = append(dst, file...)
dst = append(dst, ':')
u := uint(line)
if line < 0 {
dst = append(dst, '-')
u = -u
}
var buf [24]byte
i := len(buf)
for i == len(buf) || u > 0 {
i--
buf[i] = '0' + byte(u%10)
u /= 10
}
dst = append(dst, buf[i:]...)
return dst
}
// MatchStack assigns the current call stack a change ID.
// If the stack should be printed, MatchStack prints it.
// Then MatchStack reports whether a change at the current call stack should be enabled.
func (m *Matcher) Stack(w Writer) bool {
if m == nil {
return true
}
return m.stack(w)
}
// stack does the real work for Stack.
// This lets stack's body handle m == nil and potentially be inlined.
func (m *Matcher) stack(w Writer) bool {
const maxStack = 16
var stk [maxStack]uintptr
n := runtime.Callers(2, stk[:])
// caller #2 is not for printing; need it to normalize PCs if ASLR.
if n <= 1 {
return false
}
base := stk[0]
// normalize PCs
for i := range stk[:n] {
stk[i] -= base
}
h := Hash(stk[:n])
if m.ShouldPrint(h) {
var d *dedup
for {
d = m.dedup.Load()
if d != nil {
break
}
d = new(dedup)
if m.dedup.CompareAndSwap(nil, d) {
break
}
}
if m.MarkerOnly() {
if !d.seenLossy(h) {
PrintMarker(w, h)
}
} else {
if !d.seen(h) {
// Restore PCs in stack for printing
for i := range stk[:n] {
stk[i] += base
}
printStack(w, h, stk[1:n])
}
}
}
return m.ShouldEnable(h)
}
// Writer is the same interface as io.Writer.
// It is duplicated here to avoid importing io.
type Writer interface {
Write([]byte) (int, error)
}
// PrintMarker prints to w a one-line report containing only the marker for h.
// It is appropriate to use when [Matcher.ShouldPrint] and [Matcher.MarkerOnly] both return true.
func PrintMarker(w Writer, h uint64) error {
var buf [50]byte
b := AppendMarker(buf[:], h)
b = append(b, '\n')
_, err := w.Write(b)
return err
}
// printStack prints to w a multi-line report containing a formatting of the call stack stk,
// with each line preceded by the marker for h.
func printStack(w Writer, h uint64, stk []uintptr) error {
buf := make([]byte, 0, 2048)
var prefixBuf [100]byte
prefix := AppendMarker(prefixBuf[:0], h)
frames := runtime.CallersFrames(stk)
for {
f, more := frames.Next()
buf = append(buf, prefix...)
buf = append(buf, f.Func.Name()...)
buf = append(buf, "()\n"...)
buf = append(buf, prefix...)
buf = append(buf, '\t')
buf = appendFileLine(buf, f.File, f.Line)
buf = append(buf, '\n')
if !more {
break
}
}
buf = append(buf, prefix...)
buf = append(buf, '\n')
_, err := w.Write(buf)
return err
}
// Marker returns the match marker text to use on any line reporting details
// about a match of the given ID.
// It always returns the hexadecimal format.
func Marker(id uint64) string {
return string(AppendMarker(nil, id))
}
// AppendMarker is like [Marker] but appends the marker to dst.
func AppendMarker(dst []byte, id uint64) []byte {
const prefix = "[bisect-match 0x"
var buf [len(prefix) + 16 + 1]byte
copy(buf[:], prefix)
for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
buf[len(prefix)+i] = "0123456789abcdef"[id>>60]
id <<= 4
}
buf[len(prefix)+16] = ']'
return append(dst, buf[:]...)
}
// CutMarker finds the first match marker in line and removes it,
// returning the shortened line (with the marker removed),
// the ID from the match marker,
// and whether a marker was found at all.
// If there is no marker, CutMarker returns line, 0, false.
func CutMarker(line string) (short string, id uint64, ok bool) {
// Find first instance of prefix.
prefix := "[bisect-match "
i := 0
for ; ; i++ {
if i >= len(line)-len(prefix) {
return line, 0, false
}
if line[i] == '[' && line[i:i+len(prefix)] == prefix {
break
}
}
// Scan to ].
j := i + len(prefix)
for j < len(line) && line[j] != ']' {
j++
}
if j >= len(line) {
return line, 0, false
}
// Parse id.
idstr := line[i+len(prefix) : j]
if len(idstr) >= 3 && idstr[:2] == "0x" {
// parse hex
if len(idstr) > 2+16 { // max 0x + 16 digits
return line, 0, false
}
for i := 2; i < len(idstr); i++ {
id <<= 4
switch c := idstr[i]; {
case '0' <= c && c <= '9':
id |= uint64(c - '0')
case 'a' <= c && c <= 'f':
id |= uint64(c - 'a' + 10)
case 'A' <= c && c <= 'F':
id |= uint64(c - 'A' + 10)
}
}
} else {
if idstr == "" || len(idstr) > 64 { // min 1 digit, max 64 digits
return line, 0, false
}
// parse binary
for i := 0; i < len(idstr); i++ {
id <<= 1
switch c := idstr[i]; c {
default:
return line, 0, false
case '0', '1':
id |= uint64(c - '0')
}
}
}
// Construct shortened line.
// Remove at most one space from around the marker,
// so that "foo [marker] bar" shortens to "foo bar".
j++ // skip ]
if i > 0 && line[i-1] == ' ' {
i--
} else if j < len(line) && line[j] == ' ' {
j++
}
short = line[:i] + line[j:]
return short, id, true
}
// Hash computes a hash of the data arguments,
// each of which must be of type string, byte, int, uint, int32, uint32, int64, uint64, uintptr, or a slice of one of those types.
func Hash(data ...any) uint64 {
h := offset64
for _, v := range data {
switch v := v.(type) {
default:
// Note: Not printing the type, because reflect.ValueOf(v)
// would make the interfaces prepared by the caller escape
// and therefore allocate. This way, Hash(file, line) runs
// without any allocation. It should be clear from the
// source code calling Hash what the bad argument was.
panic("bisect.Hash: unexpected argument type")
case string:
h = fnvString(h, v)
case byte:
h = fnv(h, v)
case int:
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(v))
case uint:
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(v))
case int32:
h = fnvUint32(h, uint32(v))
case uint32:
h = fnvUint32(h, v)
case int64:
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(v))
case uint64:
h = fnvUint64(h, v)
case uintptr:
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(v))
case []string:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvString(h, x)
}
case []byte:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnv(h, x)
}
case []int:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(x))
}
case []uint:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(x))
}
case []int32:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint32(h, uint32(x))
}
case []uint32:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint32(h, x)
}
case []int64:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(x))
}
case []uint64:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint64(h, x)
}
case []uintptr:
for _, x := range v {
h = fnvUint64(h, uint64(x))
}
}
}
return h
}
// Trivial error implementation, here to avoid importing errors.
// parseError is a trivial error implementation,
// defined here to avoid importing errors.
type parseError struct{ text string }
func (e *parseError) Error() string { return e.text }
// FNV-1a implementation. See Go's hash/fnv/fnv.go.
// Copied here for simplicity (can handle integers more directly)
// and to avoid importing hash/fnv.
const (
offset64 uint64 = 14695981039346656037
prime64 uint64 = 1099511628211
)
func fnv(h uint64, x byte) uint64 {
h ^= uint64(x)
h *= prime64
return h
}
func fnvString(h uint64, x string) uint64 {
for i := 0; i < len(x); i++ {
h ^= uint64(x[i])
h *= prime64
}
return h
}
func fnvUint64(h uint64, x uint64) uint64 {
for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
h ^= uint64(x & 0xFF)
x >>= 8
h *= prime64
}
return h
}
func fnvUint32(h uint64, x uint32) uint64 {
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
h ^= uint64(x & 0xFF)
x >>= 8
h *= prime64
}
return h
}
// A dedup is a deduplicator for call stacks, so that we only print
// a report for new call stacks, not for call stacks we've already
// reported.
//
// It has two modes: an approximate but lock-free mode that
// may still emit some duplicates, and a precise mode that uses
// a lock and never emits duplicates.
type dedup struct {
// 128-entry 4-way, lossy cache for seenLossy
recent [128][4]uint64
// complete history for seen
mu sync.Mutex
m map[uint64]bool
}
// seen records that h has now been seen and reports whether it was seen before.
// When seen returns false, the caller is expected to print a report for h.
func (d *dedup) seen(h uint64) bool {
d.mu.Lock()
if d.m == nil {
d.m = make(map[uint64]bool)
}
seen := d.m[h]
d.m[h] = true
d.mu.Unlock()
return seen
}
// seenLossy is a variant of seen that avoids a lock by using a cache of recently seen hashes.
// Each cache entry is N-way set-associative: h can appear in any of the slots.
// If h does not appear in any of them, then it is inserted into a random slot,
// overwriting whatever was there before.
func (d *dedup) seenLossy(h uint64) bool {
cache := &d.recent[uint(h)%uint(len(d.recent))]
for i := 0; i < len(cache); i++ {
if atomic.LoadUint64(&cache[i]) == h {
return true
}
}
// Compute index in set to evict as hash of current set.
ch := offset64
for _, x := range cache {
ch = fnvUint64(ch, x)
}
atomic.StoreUint64(&cache[uint(ch)%uint(len(cache))], h)
return false
}